Name:______________________	Date:________________

Third Test Medieval Europe Instructor: Eric Snow

Section 1: Fill in the blanks (2 points each). Serious misspellings can cause a loss of 1

point or more per question. All dates should have b.c. or A.D. added. (50 possible points)

_____________1. This artist (1267-1337) ultimately revolutionizes Western European art by

innovating upon Byzantine art's conventions. He created strong 3-D
illusions, and would paint a scene naturalistically, such as in Lamentation.

_____________2. This woolen embroidery on linen was made by Saxon women. It described
in a pictorial narrative the invasion of England by the Normans and the

defeat of the Anglo-Saxons under Herod. It has graphic battle scenes.

_____________3. This Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor (r. 527-565) retook many of the

areas of the Western Empire that fell to the barbarians, such as Italy. His

wife Theodora helped him maintain his nerve when Constantinople had a revolt.

_____________4. This French poem, written in the 1090's A.D., shows the Germanic Warrior code

in action, but it has been superficially Christianized. It tells the story of

Christians in the Frankish army being ambushed by Muslims.

_____________5. The great cathedrals of the High Middle Ages were built in this "bar-

barian" style. By having a pointed arch for the stone roof and outside

supports, this allowed for many more windows and much more light to come in.

_____________6. This term refers to the basic local economic unit of the medieval period.

It tied the peasants to the land as serfs, was almost entirely self-

sufficient, and rotated fallow and productive land to maintain soil fertility.

____________7. In this architectural style, in order to give a stone building a stone

roof, it uses the same engineering style that was used to build bridges

across rivers. It results in dimly lit interiors for engineering reasons.

_____________8. This term means "image smashing." This periodically broke out in Chri-

stian history, such as in Byzantium (726-843 A.D.) and Puritan England (mid-
17th century). It's based on the Second of the Ten Commandments of Ex. 20.

_____________9. This enormous church (later mosque) in Constantinople has an enormous
dome (112 feet in diameter) capping an interior measuring 233 feet by 252 feet.

It was built 532-37 A.D. by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor.

____________10. The holy book of Islam. This book has God speaking in the first Person to

the prophet who became the founding prophet of Islam. It was written in Arabic.

____________11. This Frankish king (r. 768-814), later the Holy Roman Emperor (r. 800-814)

ruled much of what is now modern Germany, Italy, and France. Despite being

semi-literate himself, he helped spark a revival of classical learning.

_____________12. This building has a stone that is the focus of the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. The

faithful will walk around it seven times. It may be a meteorite that was seen to hit the earth.

_____________13. This man (c. 570-632 A.D.) is the founding prophet of Islam. Muslims believe

it was to him that God revealed the recitations that make up the Muslim holy

book. He was an excellent military organizer. His first wife=s name was Khadija.

_____________14. In this book, the Christian writer who became the Bishop of Hippo

describes his conversion from paganism and a life apart from God to Christian-

ity. He believed scientific knowledge was less valuable than true religious knowledge.

_____________15. This was the basic political system of western Europe. It is based upon the

decentralization of political authority and the granting of by the king of

land (fiefs) to vassals in return for their promises of military service.

____________16. This is the name of God for Muslims, the Almighty God who is One Person.

Originally, in Pre-Islamic, pagan Arabia, it was one name for the moon god.

____________17. This Italian monk (1225-1274) was the leading philosopher and theologian

of the Catholic church in the medieval period. He accomplished the supreme

task of reconciling Christian faith with classical Greek philosophy.

____________18. The basic building plans of these Roman meeting halls were adopted and

adapted by the Christian church for their church buildings so large groups could be

preached to at once, unlike in most classical pagan temples.

____________19. This fourth-century work of Christian art was a tomb that stone ingravings

that illustrated how Christian artists used classical conventions.

It included a carving of the god of the sky (Caelus) holding up Jesus' feet.

____________20. This early Christian philosopher (480-524 A.D.) used classical learning and

logic to defend and explain Christianity in The Consolation of Philosophy.

This book summarized classical philosophy for the medievals for centuries.

_____________21. These crude drawings appeared in the underground tombs early Christians dug out.

They are the earliest form of Christian art. Their name is derived from the Latin

word for Apraying.@ Because the Christians were sometimes persecuted, crude art resulted.

_____________22. In this long epic poem written in English c. 1000 A.D., but based on a

Scandinavian legend, the protagonist exemplifies the Germanic warrior code of

vengeance, courage, and brutality. He kills the monster Grendel in it.

_____________23. On this date, the Normans successfully invaded England from France. As a

result of their conquest, the English language received a massive infusion of

Latin-based French words, which ultimately increased its vocabulary greatly.

_____________24. In this massive work, the "Angelic Doctor," the leading medieval Catholic

theologian and philosopher reconciled the philosophy of one of the leading

classical Greek philosophers with the Christian faith's doctrines.

_____________25. This church leader (354-430 A.D.) was the bishop of Hippo. Having a

Christian mother but pagan father, he initially rejected Christianity and was a

Manichaean and influenced by Neoplatonism. He wrote The City of God.

Section 2: Extra credit questions. Fill in the blank (1 point each). Serious misspellings can

result in the deduction of points. (31 possible points)

_____________26. This Roman Emperor (r. 284-305 A.D.) reorganized the Roman Empire's

government by greatly increasing the use of force to collect taxes. Persecuting

the Christians harshly, he began what became the autocracy.

_____________27. This Roman Emperor (r. 306-337 A.D.) was the first Roman Emperor to
profess Christianity, although he was actually only baptized on his deathbed.

He presided over the council that declared Jesus was God in A.D. 325.

_____________28. This key date was when the first Christian emperor proclaimed the Edict

of Milan, which gave official religious toleration to Christianity. It is arguably

the date that the medieval era began.

_____________29. This was the year that the Western Roman Empire fell to the barbarians. It's

one of the dates that can be used to mark the beginning of the medieval

period. Despite this, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) lasted until 1453.

_____________30. This term means "the anointed one." Jews disagree with Christians over
the identity of who this is. Christians apply this term to their Savior who

died, while Jews apply it to the conquering king yet to come.

_____________31. This man (c. A.D. 250-336) provoked great controversy among Christians

by maintaining that the Christian Savior wasn't fully God and that He had a

beginning in time based on Greek philosophical (Platonic) reasoning.

_____________32. These underground burial areas near Rome were where the early Christians

buried their dead and where the earliest forms of Christian art appear.

_____________33. This Queen of France, later England (1122-1204) helped to civilize the

the medieval royal court settings through beginning "Courts of Love," which

wrote legal-sounding codes of etiquette. She helped displace the bloody epics.

_____________34. Built for Louis IX of France, this religious building features walls of

glass. About 75% of all its wall space are stained glass windows. Its

windows are 49 feet high. Despite times of neglect, it has lasted 7 centuries.

_____________35. Rome was supposedly founded in this year. It served as the year "0" in

Roman chronology. In legend, Romulus built the walls of Rome, and had his army

take the Sabine women by rape as their wives, by this date.

_____________36. This medieval philosopher and scholar (1079-c. 1144) was born in France.

He wrote Sic et Non, which showed various earlier Catholic writers had contradictory

beliefs on various doctrines. He helped found the scholastic method.

_____________37. This medieval philosophy sought to reconcile faith and reason by using

the latter to serve Christianity. It analyzed and reasoned upon ancient texts

(the Bible, early Christian writings) to find the truth, not the natural world.

_____________38. This term refers to the basic creed of Judaism, which begins "Hear, O

Israel: "The Lord is our God, the Lord is One! You shall love the Lord your God

with all your heart, with all your soul and . . ." (Deuteronomy 6:4-5).

_____________39. This man was one of the Jewish Patriarchs. After living the Mesopotamian

city of Ur, he took up the life of a shepherd. Circumcision as a sign of

accepting a covenant with Yahweh began with him. His wife was Sarah.

_____________40. This man (c. 102-44 b.c.) was a brilliant general, orator, politician.

He was born into the Roman ruling elite, yet favored the Plebeians. He became

dictator for life after beating Pompey. He was assassinated by Brutus and others.

_____________41. This religious building was built by the first Holy Roman Emperor in
what is now Aachen, Germany. It symbolizes concretely this monarch's
attempts to build upon classical models by using actual old Roman columns.

_____________42. This civilizing code of knights developed in the 1000's and 1100's. It
says warriors should uphold the beliefs of Christianity, including defending

the church. It says strength should be used to protect the weak.

_____________43. These religious wars by Catholics against the Muslims began with Pope

Urban II (1095). Although only the first one was militarily successful, they
increased the West's knowledge of more sophisticated cultures such as Islam's.

_____________44. This Greek philosopher (384-322 b.c.) discovered the laws of logic and

helped lay the foundations of modern science. He emphasized the "golden
mean" in ethics. The "Angelic Doctor" of Catholicism used his philosophy.

_____________45. This Greek philosopher (ca. 470-399 b.c.) was executed by the city of

Athens. He liked to argue about the definitions of words. He defended

himself in one dialog, the Apology. He said everyone should Aknow thyself.@

_____________46. This man (63 b.c.-A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He defeated Mark

Antony, Brutus, and Cassius in battles. He concealed his absolute rule by

a facade of republican forms. He was the "princeps" and a good administrator.

_____________47. This philosophy emphasized the austere performance of duty, thus appealing

more to Roman values than other philosophies. It emphasized freeing one's self

from desires. Founded by Zeno, it was advocated by Marcus Aurelius.

____________48. These were an ancient Greek philosopher's solution to the problem of

universals. These archetypes in a spiritual dimension were various

words/concepts that only the mind knew by thinking and reasoning, not by the	five senses of seeing, feeling, hearing, etc.

____________49. This man led Israel from slavery in Egypt (c. 1446 b.c.). He was used by

Yahweh to reveal His law to Israel at Mount Sinai and elsewhere after Yahweh

spoke the Ten Commandments to Israel. Pharaoh's daughter raised him.

____________50. This Greek playwright (448-380 b.c.) wrote comedies. He wrote

Lysistrata, a satirical anti-war play about Greek women going on a sex strike

in order to end the Peloponnesian War. He was a conservative anti-socialist.

____________51. Give the beginning and ending dates for the Peloponnesian War. This

war was won by Sparta and its allies against the empire ran by the chief Greek

city-state of Athens, which had pursued a aggressive foreign policy.

_____________52. These outside supports allow for the "barbarian" architectural style to

build high stone ceilings by pressing against the lower walls in order to

support the high stone roofs when many windows pierced the walls.

_____________53. This very influential Greek philosopher (c. 427-347 b.c.) wrote dialogs

to explain his philosophy. He wrote brilliantly, and asked the right
questions. The Republic is his most important dialog.

_____________54. This Christian apostle was a Jew born in the gentile city of Tarsus. He

never knew Jesus personally before His crucifixion. After being a persecutor

of the church, he was the top theological writer in the Christian Scriptures.

_____________55. This Italian poet (1265-1321) wrote the poem The Divine Comedy. This

work has three basic parts (heaven, hell, and purgatory), and deal with free

will and human fate in the afterlife. It has definite dual meanings.

____________ 56. This Greek philosopher (ca. 535-475 b.c.) was a skeptic who said you can't

step in the same river twice. He believed fire was the essence of all being.

____________ 57. This was the greatest of the dialogs by the Greek philosopher in Q#54. It

includes the "Allegory of the Cave" and discusses the ideal government.

Section 3: Essay question. Choose ONE of the following two questions to answer. A proper answer will have full essay form, including an introduction, a thesis statement, two or more body paragraphs that explain/defend the thesis, and a conclusion in the last paragraph that restates the thesis. Put the number of the question you're answering at the beginning of what you write. (50 possible points)

1. How did the Celtic-Germanic, Christian, and Greek-Roman (Classical) cultures combine together by the High Middle Ages to create a synthesis of the three combined together? Give specific examples of how two or more of these cultures/belief systems combined together in specific pieces of literature, philosophical/theological works, or individual thinkers, writers, and rulers.

OR

2. What are the basic teachings of Islam, including its Five Pillars? What is the relationship of Islam and its leading prophet to prior revelations from God? How is Islam like Judaism and Christianity, and how is it different? Cover specific individuals, teachings, and doctrines to make your points clear.