ÿWPCc {€Q÷„+·ˆ‹7þÈ\øyF ’fkáQ¦LíËx¶ŽÇÔ3³fÙãÍØb‚•˜X”TtÚhËÚ~ÙÁÖpÖšÆ^RKZcW;i„Ö¹µý«UpÿSj»©+YµÙ«“Ô>õ¼ª•qãÞìºfùÐÓÂ2U¿9hÓ%~L¶IÔ:8ÅÐ÷q~bdöÄP€xò¼:^&XáÒ\8¬¥mgµRæ*GéuáüáÚÜ”‰³ L|–CDy€¾.KÝ-M¯Ü(‹± Tìê%,5M ¦ã ñ^'7@[QÌ{øBú|©Wf°þ’˜LÐiO—•×ð/¤ÒÛo¾øSíisÍ s×qE驱Çlj?áô¨ 3×wÐ a’¯þbÚÀ?).<÷¬À/Œ0»^£Y&úMè]´qc¼X~¦0éñ®¾IgÜöb/|ëÝùÎõ6›Õ²æ˜7«ßÅÝ-¡ð"¸r ±-ÜrmÚ­?*üqoq¨e6©©Kb„MÖ{wG`þÄþˆ›€8S\¬y=ùudl•5.sUSr#¨-U .v¢¤ 0ÒFU#> 0<V 0‹’ 0: =W 0â” "v "˜ UJº " "& "H "j "Œ "® "Ð "ò  0Ç$ #Éë UN´ %M( N4^ 6wB4FZ m\ 0Üssssssssss 0O<þ6X9`(Courier'  "Eric V. Snow"0Eric V. Snow .   <SCÿÿ:Default ParaÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔC€<þ6X9`(CourierCÔô\  `‹&Times New Roman<ÿÿ:Footnote Ref0A ÿÿ.FooterÓîþf!¾#ÓÓA7îîFžö N ¦þV®^¶f!¾#AÓ:ÿÿ8Page Number 3Ý ƒ |\)ÝÒî°ÒÒî°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ô»‚òXXÔÔ€ô÷xòòô»‚ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÒ,îÒÒ,îÒÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÓ$îþf!¾#°œX$ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ÿÿÿÕÝÝ  Ý(º2|\$©©Ý ƒ™!ÝÒî°ÒÒî°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ô»‚òXXÔÔ€ô÷xòòô»‚ÔÑ„ÑÝ  Ý Ñ  ÑÑ  Ñ Ñ À ÑÑ À ѳ˜kIA`‹2WP TypographicSymbols Ñ  ÑÑ  Ñ Ñ À ÑÑ À Ñ Ñ  ÑÑ  Ñ Ñ À ÑÑ À Ñ Ñ  ÑÑ  Ñ Ñ À ÑÑ À Ñ Ñ  ÑÑ  Ñ Ñ À ÑÑ À Ñ3P(Ÿ™$¡¡Òî°ÒÒî°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ô´ÊòXXÔÔ€ôóòòô´ÊÔÑ„јLexmark X125xX,,,,xX0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX-·å:é Ë}…8ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ<PP@¢j:QuickFormat2Ô€XÔÔ€XÿÿXÔÔ  ÔÔcÿÔÔb  ÔÔ€XÔÔ€XÿÿXÔÔ  ÔÔcÿÔÔb  Ô<ll@ :QuickFormat1Ô€Xç½XXXÔÔ€Xç½XXXç½ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÔ€Xç½XXXÔÔ€Xç½XXXç½ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ ƒ™!ÝÒî°ÒÒî°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ô»‚òXXÔÔ€ô÷xòòô»‚ÔÑ„ÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓ   ÓÓ  ÓÒ,îÒÒ,îÒÖ€ÿÿÖÑÈÑÑÀ°ÑÑÀ°ÑÑ8€÷xôòd¼dÈ8ÑÔ€XfXòô÷xÔÔ€Xó-XXXfÔName:______________________à ä àà < àDate:________________Ð À ÐÌThird€€Test€€€€€€€Ô_ÔÔ_Ô€€Medieval€Europe€€€€€€€€€€€Instructor:€€Eric€SnowÐ ŒÌ ÐÌSection€1:€€Fill€in€the€blanks€(2€points€each).€€Serious€misspellings€can€cause€a€loss€of€1Ð X˜ Ðpoint€or€more€per€question.€€All€dates€should€have€Ô_Ôb.c.Ô_Ô€or€A.D.€added.€€(50€possible€points)Ð >~ ÐÌÓ ¨ýÓÓ XÓÓK7„,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&°œXKÓ_____________1.€€This€artist€(1267„1337)€ultimately€revolutionizes€Western€European€art€by€Ð  J ÐÓ X¨ýÓÓ XÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&„,X¬&NÓ€à Ü à€€innovating€upon€Byzantine€art's€conventions.€€He€created€strong€3„D€à L àà ¤ à€à ü! àÐ ð 0 Ðà „ à€à Ü à€€illusions,€and€would€paint€a€scene€naturalistically,€such€as€in€òòLamentationóó.Ð Ö   ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________2.€€This€woolen€embroidery€on€linen€was€made€by€Saxon€women.€€It€described€à ¤ àà ü! à€Ð ¢ â  Ðà „ à€à Ü à€€in€a€pictorial€narrative€the€invasion€of€England€by€the€Normans€and€theÐ ˆÈ  ÐÓ °Ó€€defeat€of€the€Anglo„Saxons€under€Herod.€€It€has€graphic€battle€scenes.Ð n®  ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________3.€€This€Eastern€Roman€(Byzantine)€emperor€Ô_Ô(rÔ_Ô.€527„565)€retook€many€of€theÐ :z  ÐÓ °Ó€areas€of€the€Western€Empire€that€fell€to€the€barbarians,€such€as€Italy.€€HisÐ  ` Ѐwife€Theodora€helped€him€maintain€his€nerve€when€Constantinople€had€a€revolt.Ð F ÐÓ °ÓÌÓ ¨ýÓÓ XÓÓN7„,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ_____________4.€€This€French€poem,€written€in€the€1090's€A.D.,€shows€the€Germanic€Warrior€codeÐ Ò ÐÓ °¨ýÓÓ XÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&„,X¬&NÓ€€in€action,€but€it€has€been€superficially€Ô_ÔChristianizedÔ_Ô.€€It€tells€the€story€ofÐ ¸ø Ѐ€Christians€in€the€Ô_ÔFrankishÔ_Ô€army€being€ambushed€by€Muslims.Ð žÞ ÐÐ „Ä ÐÓ °Ó_____________5.€€The€great€cathedrals€of€the€High€Middle€Ages€were€built€in€this€"bar„Ð jª ÐÓ °Ó€€Ô_ÔbarianÔ_Ô"€style.€€By€having€a€pointed€arch€for€the€stone€roof€and€outside€Ð P Ѐ€supports,€this€allowed€for€many€more€windows€and€much€more€light€to€come€in.Ð 6v ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________6.€€This€term€refers€to€the€basic€local€economic€unit€of€the€medieval€period.Ð B ÐÓ °Ó€It€tied€the€peasants€to€the€land€as€serfs,€was€almost€entirely€self„Ð è( Ѐsufficient,€and€rotated€fallow€and€productive€land€to€maintain€soil€fertility.Ð Î ÐÓ °ÓÌ€____________7.€€In€this€architectural€style,€in€order€to€give€a€stone€building€a€stoneÐ šÚ ÐÓ °Ó€€roof,€it€uses€the€same€engineering€style€that€was€used€to€build€bridgesÐ € À  Ѐacross€rivers.€€It€results€in€dimly€lit€interiors€for€engineering€reasons.Ð f!¦! ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________8.€€This€term€means€"image€smashing."€€This€periodically€broke€out€in€Ô_ÔChriÔ_Ô„Ð 2#r# ÐÓ °Ó€€Ô_ÔstianÔ_Ô€history,€such€as€in€Byzantium€(726„843€A.D.)€and€Puritan€England€(mid„à ¤ à€à ü! àÐ $X $ Ðà „ à€à Ü à€€17th€century).€€It's€based€on€the€Second€of€the€Ten€Commandments€of€Ex.€20.Ð þ$>!% ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________9.€€This€enormous€church€(later€mosque)€in€Constantinople€has€an€enormous€à ¤ àà ü! à€Ð Ê& #' Ðà „ à€à Ü à€€dome€(112€feet€in€diameter)€capping€an€interior€measuring€233€feet€by€252€feet.Ð °'ð#( ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ€€à Ü à€€It€was€built€532„37€A.D.€by€the€Eastern€Roman€(Byzantine)€emperor.Ð –(Ö$) ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&Ü,X¬&NÓÌ____________10.€€The€holy€book€of€Islam.€€This€book€has€God€speaking€in€the€first€Person€toÐ b*¢&+ ÐÓ °Óthe€prophet€who€became€the€founding€prophet€of€Islam.€€It€was€written€in€Arabic.Ð H+ˆ', ÐÓ °ÓÌÌÐ ú-:*/ Ð____________11.€€This€Ô_ÔFrankishÔ_Ô€king€Ô_Ô(rÔ_Ô.€768„814),€later€the€Holy€Roman€Emperor€Ô_Ô(rÔ_Ô.€800„814)Ð À ÐÓ °ÓÑ€ ÑÑ€ Ñ€ruled€much€of€what€is€now€modern€Germany,€Italy,€and€France.€€Despite€being€Ð ¦æ Ѐsemi„literate€himself,€he€helped€spark€a€revival€of€classical€learning.Ð ŒÌ ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________12.€€This€building€has€a€stone€that€is€the€focus€of€the€Muslim€pilgrimage€to€Mecca.€€TheÐ X˜ Ðà „ àà0 Ü à€€faithful€will€walk€around€it€seven€times.€€It€may€be€a€meteorite€that€was€seen€to€hit€the€earth.Ð>~Ü(#Ü(# ÐÓ °Ó€¹Ó °ÓÌ_____________13.€€This€man€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô.€570„632€A.D.)€is€the€founding€prophet€of€Islam.€€Muslims€believeÐ ð 0 ÐÓ °Ó€€it€was€to€him€that€God€revealed€the€recitations€that€make€up€the€Muslim€holyÐ Ö   Ѐ€book.€€He€was€an€excellent€military€organizer.€€His€first€wifeÔ€ XœXXXó-Ô=Ô€Xó-XX XœÔs€name€was€Ô_ÔKhadijaÔ_Ô.Ð ¼ ü  ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________14.€€In€this€book,€the€Christian€writer€who€became€the€Bishop€of€HippoÐ ŠÊ  ÐÓ °Ó€€describes€his€conversion€from€paganism€and€a€life€apart€from€God€to€Christian„Ð p°  Ѐ€Ô_ÔityÔ_Ô.€He€believed€scientific€knowledge€was€less€valuable€than€true€religious€knowledge.Ð V–  ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________15.€€This€was€the€basic€political€system€of€western€Europe.€€It€is€based€upon€theÐ "b ÐÓ °Ó€decentralization€of€political€authority€and€the€granting€of€by€the€king€of€Ð H ÐÓ X°Ó€à Ü à€€land€(fiefs)€to€vassals€in€return€for€their€promises€of€military€service.Ð î. ÐÓ XÓÌ____________16.€€This€is€the€name€of€God€for€Muslims,€the€Almighty€God€who€is€One€Person.Ð ºú ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€Originally,€in€Pre„Islamic,€pagan€Arabia,€it€was€one€name€for€the€moon€god.€Ð  à ÐÓ XÓÌ____________17.€€This€Italian€monk€(1225„1274)€was€the€leading€philosopher€and€theologianÐ l¬ ÐÓ °Óof€the€Catholic€church€in€the€medieval€period.€€He€accomplished€the€supremeÐ R’ Ðtask€of€reconciling€Christian€faith€with€classical€Greek€philosophy.Ð 8x ÐÐ ^ ÐÓ °Ó____________18.€€The€basic€building€plans€of€these€Roman€meeting€halls€were€adopted€andÐ D ÐÓ °Óadapted€by€the€Christian€church€for€their€church€buildings€so€large€groups€could€beÐ ê* Ðpreached€to€at€once,€unlike€in€most€classical€pagan€temples.Ð Ð ÐÓ °ÓÌ____________19.€€This€fourth„century€work€of€Christian€art€was€a€tomb€that€stone€Ô_ÔingravingsÔ_ԀРœÜ ÐÓ °Ó€that€illustrated€how€Christian€artists€used€classical€conventions.€Ð ‚   ЀIt€included€a€carving€of€the€god€of€the€sky€(Ô_ÔCaelusÔ_Ô)€holding€up€Jesus'€feet.Ð h!¨! ÐÓ °ÓÌ____________20.€€This€early€Christian€philosopher€(480„524€A.D.)€used€classical€learning€andÐ 4#t# ÐÓ °Ó€logic€to€defend€and€explain€Christianity€in€òòThe€Consolation€of€Philosophyóó.Ð $Z $ ЀThis€book€summarized€classical€philosophy€for€the€Ô_ÔmedievalsÔ_Ô€for€centuries.Ð %@!% ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________21.€€These€crude€drawings€appeared€in€the€underground€tombs€early€Christians€dug€out.Ð Ì& #' ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€They€are€the€earliest€form€of€Christian€art.€€Their€name€is€derived€from€the€LatinÐ ²'ò#( ÐÓ °XÓ€word€for€Ô€ XœXXXó-ÔÔ_ÔAÔ€Xó-XX XœÔprayingÔ_Ô.Ô€ XœXXXó-Ô@Ô€Xó-XX XœÔ€Because€the€Christians€were€sometimes€persecuted,€crude€art€resulted.Ð ˜(Ø$) ÐÐ €)À%* ÐÓ °Ó_____________22.€€In€this€long€epic€poem€written€in€English€c.€1000€A.D.,€but€based€on€aÐ f*¦&+ ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ€à Ü à€Scandinavian€legend,€the€protagonist€exemplifies€the€Germanic€warrior€code€ofÐ L+Œ', ÐÓ °¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&Ü,X¬&NÓ€vengeance,€courage,€and€brutality.€€He€kills€the€monster€Ô_ÔGrendelÔ_Ô€in€it.Ð 2,r(- ÐÐ -X). ÐÐ þ->*/ ÐÑ   Ñâ  âÑÑÑÑâ  âÑÀÀÑÑÀÀÑâ  âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÓ °ÓÌÔ_Ô_____________23.€€On€this€date,€the€Normans€successfully€invaded€England€from€France.€€As€aÐ ¦æ ÐÓ °Ó€result€of€their€conquest,€the€English€language€received€a€massive€infusion€of€Ð ŒÌ ÐÑ€ ÑррLatin„based€French€words,€which€ultimately€increased€its€vocabulary€greatly.Ð r² ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________24.€In€this€massive€work,€the€"Angelic€Doctor,"€the€leading€medieval€CatholicÐ >~ ÐÓ °Ó€theologian€and€philosopher€reconciled€the€philosophy€of€one€of€the€leadingÐ $ d Ѐclassical€Greek€philosophers€with€the€Christian€faith's€doctrines.Ð  J ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________25.€€This€church€leader€(354„430€A.D.)€was€the€bishop€of€Hippo.€€Having€a€€à ¤ àÐ Ö   ÐÓ °Ó€Christian€mother€but€pagan€father,€he€initially€rejected€Christianity€and€was€aÐ ¼ ü  ÐÓ °Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Manichaean€and€influenced€by€Neoplatonism.€€He€wrote€òòThe€City€of€Godóó.Ð ¢ â  ÐÌSection€2:€€Extra€credit€questions.€€Fill€in€the€blank€(1€point€each).€€Serious€misspellings€can€Ð n®  Ðresult€in€the€deduction€of€points.€€(31€possible€points)Ð T”  ЀÌ_____________26.€€This€Roman€Emperor€(r.€284„305€A.D.)€reorganized€the€Roman€Empire's€Ð  ` ÐÓ °Ógovernment€by€greatly€increasing€the€use€of€force€to€collect€taxes.€€PersecutingÐ F Ðthe€Christians€harshly,€he€began€what€became€the€autocracy.Ð ì, ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________27.€€This€Roman€Emperor€(r.€306„337€A.D.)€was€the€first€Roman€Emperor€to€à ¤ àà ü! à€Ð ¸ø Ðà „ à€à Ü à€profess€Christianity,€although€he€was€actually€only€baptized€on€his€deathbed.Ð žÞ ÐÓ °Ó€He€presided€over€the€council€that€declared€Jesus€was€God€in€A.D.€325.Ð „Ä ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________28.€€This€key€date€was€when€the€first€Christian€emperor€proclaimed€the€EdictÐ P ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€of€Milan,€which€gave€official€religious€toleration€to€Christianity.€€It€is€arguably€Ð 6v ÐÓ X¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&Ü,X¬&NÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€the€date€that€the€medieval€era€began.Ð \ ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________29.€€This€was€the€year€that€the€Western€Roman€Empire€fell€to€the€barbarians.€€It'sÐ è( ÐÓ °Ó€€one€of€the€dates€that€can€be€used€to€mark€the€beginning€of€the€medievalÐ Î Ѐ€period.€€Despite€this,€the€Eastern€Roman€Empire€(Byzantium)€lasted€until€1453.€Ð ´ô ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________30.€€This€term€means€"the€anointed€one."€€Jews€disagree€with€Christians€over€à ¤ àà ü! àÐ € À  Ðà „ àà Ü à€€the€identity€of€who€this€is.€€Christians€apply€this€term€to€their€Savior€whoÐ f!¦! ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€died,€while€Jews€apply€it€to€the€conquering€king€yet€to€come.Ð L"Œ" ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________31.€€This€man€(c.€A.D.€250„336)€provoked€great€controversy€among€ChristiansÐ $X $ ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€by€maintaining€that€the€Christian€Savior€wasn't€fully€God€and€that€He€had€a€Ð þ$>!% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€beginning€in€time€based€on€Greek€philosophical€(Platonic)€reasoning.Ð ä%$"& ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________32.€€These€underground€burial€areas€near€Rome€were€where€the€early€ChristiansÐ °'ð#( ÐÓ °Ó€€buried€their€dead€and€where€the€earliest€forms€of€Christian€art€appear.Ð –(Ö$) ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________33.€€This€Queen€of€France,€later€England€(1122„1204)€helped€to€civilize€theÐ b*¢&+ ÐÓ °Ó€€the€medieval€royal€court€settings€through€beginning€"Courts€of€Love,"€whichÐ H+ˆ', Ѐ€wrote€legal„sounding€codes€of€etiquette.€She€helped€displace€the€bloody€epics.Ð .,n(- ÐÓ °ÓÌÐ ú-:*/ ÐÑ  Ñâ  âÑÑÑÑâ  âÑÀÀÑÑÀÀÑâ âÑ  ÑÌ_____________34.€€Built€for€Louis€IX€of€France,€this€religious€building€features€walls€ofÐ ¦æ ÐÓ °Ó€€glass.€€About€75%€of€all€its€wall€space€are€stained€glass€windows.€€Its€Ð ŒÌ Ѐ€windows€are€49€feet€high.€Despite€times€of€neglect,€it€has€lasted€7€centuries.Ð r² ÐÓ ¨ý°ÓÑ€ÑÑ€ÑÓ XÓÓN7„,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓÐ X˜ ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ XÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&„,X¬&NÓ_____________35.€€Rome€was€supposedly€founded€in€this€year.€€It€served€as€the€year€"0"€inÐ >~ ÐÓ °Ó€€Roman€chronology.€€In€legend,€Romulus€built€the€walls€of€Rome,€and€had€his€armyÐ $ d Ѐ€take€the€Sabine€women€by€rape€as€their€wives,€by€this€date.Ð  J ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________36.€€This€medieval€philosopher€and€scholar€(1079„c.€1144)€was€born€in€France.Ð Ö   ÐÓ °ÓÓN7Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ€€He€wrote€òòSic€et€Nonóó,€which€showed€various€earlier€Catholic€writers€had€contradictoryÐ ¼ ü  ÐÓ °ÓÓ °ÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&Ü,X¬&NÓ€€beliefs€on€various€doctrines.€€He€helped€found€the€scholastic€method.€Ð ¢ â  ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________37.€€This€medieval€philosophy€sought€to€reconcile€faith€and€reason€by€usingÐ n®  ÐÓ °Ó€the€latter€to€serve€Christianity.€€It€analyzed€and€reasoned€upon€ancient€textsÐ T”  ÐÓ X°Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€(the€Bible,€early€Christian€writings)€to€find€the€truth,€not€the€natural€world.Ð :z  ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________38.€€This€term€refers€to€the€basic€creed€of€Judaism,€which€begins€"Hear,€OÐ F ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ€à Ü à€€Israel:€"The€Lord€is€our€God,€the€Lord€is€One!€€You€shall€love€the€Lord€your€GodÐ ì, ÐÓ °¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&Ü,X¬&NÓ€€with€all€your€heart,€with€all€your€soul€and€.€.€."€(Deuteronomy€6:4„5).Ð Ò ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________39.€€This€man€was€one€of€the€Jewish€Patriarchs.€After€living€the€MesopotamianÐ žÞ ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€city€of€Ur,€he€took€up€the€life€of€a€shepherd.€€Circumcision€as€a€sign€ofÐ „Ä ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&Ü,X¬&NÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€accepting€a€covenant€with€Yahweh€began€with€him.€€His€wife€was€Sarah.Ð jª ÐÌ_____________40.€€This€man€(c.€102„44€b.c.)€was€a€brilliant€general,€orator,€politician.Ð 6v ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€He€was€born€into€the€Roman€ruling€elite,€yet€favored€the€Plebeians.€€He€becameÐ \ ÐÓ XÓ€à „ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€dictator€for€life€after€beating€Pompey.€€He€was€assassinated€by€Brutus€and€others.Ð B ÐÌ_____________41.€€This€religious€building€was€built€by€the€first€Holy€Roman€Emperor€in€à ¤ àà ü! à€Ð Î Ðà „ à€à Ü à€€€what€is€now€Aachen,€Germany.€€It€symbolizes€concretely€this€monarch's€à L àà ¤ à€à ü! àÐ ´ô Ðà „ à€à Ü à€€€attempts€to€build€upon€classical€models€by€using€actual€old€Roman€columns.Ð šÚ ÐÌ_____________42.€€This€civilizing€code€of€knights€developed€in€the€1000's€and€1100's.€€It€à ¤ àà ü! àÐ f!¦! Ðà „ àà Ü à€€says€warriors€should€uphold€the€beliefs€of€Christianity,€including€defendingÐ L"Œ" ÐÓ °Ó€€the€church.€€It€says€strength€should€be€used€to€protect€the€weak.Ð 2#r# ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________43.€€These€religious€wars€by€Catholics€against€the€Muslims€began€with€PopeÐ þ$>!% ÐÓ °Ó€€Urban€II€(1095).€€Although€only€the€first€one€was€militarily€successful,€they€à ¤ àà ü! àÐ ä%$"& Ðà „ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€increased€the€West's€knowledge€of€more€sophisticated€cultures€such€as€Islam's.Ð Ê& #' ÐÓ °ÓÌ_____________44.€€This€Greek€philosopher€(384„322€b.c.)€discovered€the€laws€of€logic€andÐ –(Ö$) Ѐà „ à€€€€à Ü à€€helped€lay€the€foundations€of€modern€science.€€He€emphasized€the€"golden€à ¤ àà ü! àÐ |)¼%* Ðà „ àà Ü à€€mean"€in€ethics.€€The€"Angelic€Doctor"€of€Catholicism€used€his€philosophy.Ð b*¢&+ ÐÌÓ ¨ýÓÓ XÓÓN7„,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ_____________45.€€This€Greek€philosopher€(ca.€470„399€b.c.)€was€executed€by€the€city€ofÐ .,n(- ÐÓ X¨ýÓÓ XÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&„,X¬&NÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€Athens.€€He€liked€to€argue€about€the€definitions€of€words.€€He€defendedÐ -T). Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€himself€in€one€dialog,€the€òòApologyóó.€€He€said€everyone€should€Ô€ XœXXXó-ÔAÔ€Xó-XX XœÔknow€thyself.Ô€ XœXXXó-Ô@Ô€Xó-XX XœÔÐ ú-:*/ ÐÑ Ñâ âÑÑÑÑâ âÑÀÀÑÑÀÀÑâ âÑ  ÑÓ XÓÌ_____________46.€€This€man€(63€b.c.„A.D.€14)€was€the€first€Roman€emperor.€€He€defeated€MarkÐ ¦æ ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€Antony,€Brutus,€and€Cassius€in€battles.€€He€concealed€his€absolute€rule€byÐ ŒÌ ÐÑ€Ñрр€€€€€€€€€€€€a€facade€of€republican€forms.€€He€was€the€"princeps"€and€a€good€administrator.Ð r² ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________47.€€This€philosophy€emphasized€the€austere€performance€of€duty,€thus€appealingÐ >~ ÐÓ °Ó€more€to€Roman€values€than€other€philosophies.€€It€emphasized€freeing€one's€self€Ð $ d Ѐfrom€desires.€Founded€by€Zeno,€it€was€advocated€by€Marcus€Aurelius.Ð  J ÐÓ °ÓÌ____________48.€€These€were€an€ancient€Greek€philosopher's€solution€to€the€problem€ofÐ Ö   ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€universals.€€These€archetypes€in€a€spiritual€dimension€were€variousÐ ¼ ü  ÐÓ XÓÓ XÓÓN7„,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€words/concepts€that€only€the€mind€knew€by€thinking€and€reasoning,€not€by€the€à ¤ àà ü! à€€€€€€€Ð ¢ â  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€five€senses€of€seeing,€feeling,€hearing,€etc.Ð ˆÈ  ÐÓ XÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&„,X¬&NÓÌ____________49.€€This€man€led€Israel€from€slavery€in€Egypt€(c.€1446€b.c.).€€He€was€used€byÐ T”  ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€Yahweh€to€reveal€His€law€to€Israel€at€Mount€Sinai€and€elsewhere€after€YahwehÐ :z  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€spoke€the€Ten€Commandments€to€Israel.€€Pharaoh's€daughter€raised€him.Ð  ` ÐÓ XÓÌ____________50.€€This€Greek€playwright€(448„380€b.c.)€wrote€comedies.€€He€wroteÐ ì, ÐÓ °ÓòòLysistrataóó,€a€satirical€anti„war€play€about€Greek€women€going€on€a€sex€strikeÐ Ò ÐÓ X°Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€in€order€to€end€the€Peloponnesian€War.€€He€was€a€conservative€anti„socialist.Ð ¸ø ÐÓ XÓÌ____________51.€€Give€the€beginning€and€ending€dates€for€the€Peloponnesian€War.€€ThisÐ „Ä ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€war€was€won€by€Sparta€and€its€allies€against€the€empire€ran€by€the€chief€GreekÐ jª Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€city„state€of€Athens,€which€had€pursued€a€aggressive€foreign€policy.Ð P ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________52.€€These€outside€supports€allow€for€the€"barbarian"€architectural€style€to€Ð \ ÐÓ °Ó€build€high€stone€ceilings€by€pressing€against€the€lower€walls€in€order€toÐ B Ѐsupport€the€high€stone€roofs€when€many€windows€pierced€the€walls.Ð è( ÐÓ ¨ý°ÓÓ XÓÓN7„,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&,,X¬&NÓÐ Î ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ XÓÓN7,,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!T$¬&„,X¬&NÓ_____________53.€€This€very€influential€Greek€philosopher€(c.€427„347€b.c.)€wrote€dialogsÐ ´ô ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€to€explain€his€philosophy.€€He€wrote€brilliantly,€and€asked€the€right€à L à€€€à ¤ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð šÚ Ðà „ àà Ü à€questions.€€The€òòRepublicóó€is€his€most€important€dialog.Ð € À  ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________54.€€This€Christian€apostle€was€a€Jew€born€in€the€gentile€city€of€Tarsus.€€HeÐ L"Œ" Ѐà „ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€never€knew€Jesus€personally€before€His€crucifixion.€€After€being€a€persecutorÐ 2#r# ÐÓ XÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€of€the€church,€he€was€the€top€theological€writer€in€the€Christian€Scriptures.Ð $X $ ÐÓ XÓÌ_____________55.€€This€Italian€poet€(1265„1321)€wrote€the€poem€òòThe€Divine€Comedyóó.€€ThisÐ ä%$"& ÐÓ °Ó€work€has€Ý‚, ÿÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"¢jÿÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  Ýthree€basic€Ý‚, ÿ°] ÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  Ýparts€(heavenÝ‚"¢jÿ7^ÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  Ý,€hell,€and€purgatory),€and€deal€with€freeÐ Ê& #' Ѐwill€and€human€fate€in€the€afterlife.€€It€has€definite€dual€meanings.Ð °'ð#( ÐÓ °ÓÌòòÝ‚, ÿÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"¢jÿÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  Ý____________€óó56.€€This€Greek€philosopher€(ca.€535„475€b.c.)€was€a€skeptic€who€said€you€can'tÐ |)¼%* Ðà „ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€step€Ý‚"¢jÿ(aÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  Ýin€the€same€river€twice.€€He€believed€fire€was€the€essence€of€all€being.Ð b*¢&+ ÐÝ‚, ÿ¡` ÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  ÝÌÓ „ÓòòÝ‚"¢jÿÝÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔ€Xó-XXXó-ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  Ý____________óó€57.€€This€was€the€greatest€of€the€dialogs€by€the€Greek€philosopher€in€Q#54.€€ItÐ .,n(- Ðà „ à€€€€€€€€€€€€includes€the€"Allegory€of€the€Cave"€and€discusses€the€ideal€government.Ô‡ô»‚òXXó-ÔÐ -T). ÐÝ‚"¢jÿÎcÝÔ€ô»‚òòô»‚ÔÔ€Xó-Xòô»‚ÔÔÔÔcÿÿÔÔb  ÔÝ  ÝÔ%† Xó-XXXXó-(e%ÔÐ ú-:*/ ÐÑ Ñâ âÑÑÑÑâ âÑÀÀÑÑÀÀÑâ âÑ  ÑÌÒ°,ÒÒ°,ÒÑ€ÑÑ€ÑÓ „ÓSection€3:€€Essay€question.€€Choose€ò òòòONEó óóó€of€the€following€two€questions€to€answer.€Ð ¦æ ÐA€proper€answer€will€have€full€essay€form,€including€an€introduction,€a€thesisÐ ŒÌ Ðstatement,€two€or€more€body€paragraphs€that€explain/defend€the€thesis,€and€aÐ r² Ðconclusion€in€the€last€paragraph€that€restates€the€thesis.€€Put€the€number€of€theÐ X˜ Ðquestion€you're€answering€at€the€beginning€of€what€you€write.€€(50€possible€points)Ð >~ ÐÌ1.€€How€did€the€Celtic„Germanic,€Christian,€and€Greek„Roman€(Classical)€culturesÐ  J Ðcombine€together€by€the€High€Middle€Ages€to€create€a€synthesis€of€the€threeÐ ð 0 Ðcombined€together?€€Give€specific€examples€of€how€two€or€more€of€theseÐ Ö   Ðcultures/belief€systems€combined€together€in€specific€pieces€of€literature,Ð ¼ ü  Ðphilosophical/theological€works,€or€individual€thinkers,€writers,€and€rulers.€Ð ¢ â  ÐÌò òòòORó óóóÐ n®  ÐÌ2.€€What€are€the€basic€teachings€of€Islam,€including€its€Five€Pillars?€€What€is€theÐ :z  Ðrelationship€of€Islam€and€its€leading€prophet€to€prior€revelations€from€God?€€How€isÐ  ` ÐIslam€like€Judaism€and€Christianity,€and€how€is€it€different?€€Cover€specificÐ F Ðindividuals,€teachings,€and€doctrines€to€make€your€points€clear.Ð ì, ÐÔ€XfXXXó-ÔÌÓ °ÓÐ µõ ÐÓ °Ó€€€€Ð ˜Ø ÐÌÌÌÌÔ€ô÷xòXXfÔ