Name:_________________________	Date:____________

Second test Ancient Western civilization: Classical Art, Judaism, Islam, early Christianity, and Medieval Christianity

Arts and Culture 201	Instructor: Eric Snow

Section 1: Fill in the blank questions (2 points each), 50 points possible. Serious misspellings can cost 1 or even 2 points. All dates must add the "b.c." or "A.D." abbreviations to get full credit.

___________1. This artist (1267-1337) ultimately revolutionizes Western European art by

innovating upon Byzantine art's conventions. He created strong 3-D illusions,

and would paint a scene naturalistically, such as in Lamentation.

___________2. This multivolumed book was composed of commentary (Gemara) on the Mishnah or

Oral Law. The Babylonian one was completed by A.D. 500. It codified the law

so Judaism could survive centuries in exile away from its original homeland.

___________3. This woolen embroidery on linen was made by Saxon women. It described

in a pictorial narrative the invasion of England by the Normans and the

defeat of the Anglo-Saxons under Herod. It has graphic battle scenes.

___________4. This Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor (r. 527-565) retook many of the areas of

the Western Empire that fell to the barbarians, such as Italy. His wife Theodora

helped him maintain his nerve when Constantinople had a revolt.

___________5. This Christian apostle was a Jew born in the gentile city of Tarsus. He

never knew Jesus personally before His crucifixion. After being a persecutor

of the church, he was the top theological writer in the Christian Scriptures.

___________6. This man (c. A.D. 250-336) provoked great controversy among Christians

by maintaining that the Christian Savior wasn't fully God and that He had a

beginning in time based on Greek philosophical (Platonic) reasoning.

___________7. This French poem, written in the 1090's A.D., shows the Germanic Warrior code in

action, but it has been superficially Christianized. It tells the story of

Christians in the Frankish army being ambushed by Muslims

___________8. The great cathedrals of the High Middle Ages were built in this "barbarian" style.

By having a pointed arch for the stone roof and outside supports, this allowed for

many more windows and much more light to come in.

___________9. This word means in Greek, "the four letters." It refers to YHWH, which was the

personal, covenant name of the God of Judaism. The Jews eventually felt this

name was so holy it was wrong to say it, but would (usually) say "Lord" instead.

___________10. This term refers to the basic local economic unit of the medieval period. It tied

the peasants to the land as serfs, was almost entirely self-sufficient, and

rotated fallow and productive land to maintain soil fertility.

___________11. During this period of time (606-536 b.c), the Jews were exiled from their

homeland in Palestine. Yahweh used the gentile king Nebuchadnezzar to punish

them for their sins of idolatry, crime, hypocrisy, and oppressing the poor.

___________12. In this architectural style, in order to give a stone building a stone roof, it

uses the same engineering style that was used to build bridges across rivers.

It results in dimly lit interiors for engineering reasons.

___________13. This term means "image smashing." This periodically broke out in Christian

history, such as in Byzantium (726-843 A.D.) and Puritan England (mid-
17th century). It's based on the Second of the Ten Commandments of Ex. 20.

___________14. This enormous church (later mosque) in Constantinople has an enormous dome (112

feet in diameter) capping an interior measuring 233 feet by 252 feet. It was

built 532-37 A.D. by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor.

___________15. This man (4 b.c.-A.D. 31) is regarded by Christians as the Savior. Born a Jew,
He preached for three and a half years in Palestine/modern Lebanon before being
put to death by crucifixion near Jerusalem by the orders of Pontius Pilate.

___________16. This term is used by Jews to refer especially to the Written Law of the Old

Testament in the first five books of the Old Testament. It means "the law" or

"instruction." A synagogue's leading handwritten scroll is this written down.

___________17. The holy book of Islam. This book has God speaking in the first Person to the

prophet who became the founding prophet of Islam. It was written in Arabic.

___________18. This term means "the anointed one." Jews disagree with Christians over the

identity of who this is. Christians apply this term to their Savior who died,

while Jews apply it to the conquering king yet to come.

___________19. This man led Israel from slavery in Egypt (c. 1446 b.c.). He was used by

Yahweh to reveal His law to Israel at Mount Sinai and elsewhere after Yahweh

spoke the Ten Commandments to Israel. Pharaoh's daughter raised him.

___________20. At this council of over 300 bishops in A.D. 325 that the Emperor Constantine

presided over, the official orthodox teaching that Jesus was fully God and had

no beginning was proclaimed. Athanasius strongly defended its decision.

___________21. This was the chief temple on Athens' acropolis (fortified hilltop). One Greek

philosopher was disturbed by how its measurements deviated slightly from full

mathematical regularity to correct for (evidently) irregular optical illusions.

___________22. This man was one of the Jewish Patriarchs. After living in the sophisticated

Mesopotamian city of Ur, he took up the life of a shepherd. Circumcision as a

sign of accepting a covenant with Yahweh began with him. His wife was Sarah.

___________23. This Roman stadium could hold 50,000 spectators. It was practical and

yet also had aesthetic appeal. It was dedicated in A.D. 80, and its inaugural

ceremonies lasted 100 days, and killed 9000 wild animals and 2000 gladiators.

___________24. This amazing ancient Roman building had the largest dome built for c. 1500

years. Originally built as a pagan temple, it became a Christian church. It

had a hole in its top to admit light and air, and was built by Hadrian.

___________25. This key date was when the 1st Christian emperor proclaimed the Edict of Milan,

which gave official religious toleration to Christianity. It is arguably the

date that the medieval era began. The church and state began to unify then.

Section 2: Extra credit questions: Fill in the blanks (1 point each), 49 possible points.

Misspellings can cause a loss of half points or full points. Date(s) given without "A.D." or "b.c." will lose half of their credit automatically.

___________26. This Greek god ruled the sea and also caused earthquakes. He was the father

of the one-eyed cyclops that Odysseus blinded. He was a big enemy of Odysseus.

___________27. This was the Greek god of wine, theater, and ecstatic pleasure (uncontrolled

emotions). Belief in him was the basis for an important pagan mystery religion.

___________28. This ancient Greek god was the king of the gods. He symbolized power and used

thunderbolts. He had many affairs, which made his goddess wife very upset.

___________29. This pagan mystery religion of ancient Greece differed from the public/civic

Olympian religion. Its devotees would sacrifice a bull and eat its raw flesh.

___________30. This Frankish king (r. 768-814), later the Holy Roman Emperor (r. 800-814) ruled

much of what is now modern Germany, Italy, and France. Despite being semi-

literate himself, he helped spark a revival of classical learning.

___________31. This Greek philosopher (ca. 470-399 b.c.) was executed by the city of Athens.

He liked to argue about the definitions of words. He defended himself in a dialog.

___________32. This Greek playwright (448-380 b.c.) wrote comedies. He wrote Lysistrata, a

satirical anti-war play about Greek women going on a sex strike to end a war.

___________33. This ancient ruler of Babylon (ca. 1792-1750 b.c.) devised a law code named

after him. It had many laws about contracts and business. It was often harsh.

___________34. This very influential Greek philosopher (c. 427-347 b.c.) wrote dialogs

to explain his philosophy. He wrote brilliantly, and asked the right questions.

___________35. These were the people who in Mesopotamia founded the world's first civiliza-

tion around 3000 b.c. They were polytheists who worshiped many gods.

___________36. This area of the Middle East was where the earliest civilization began. It

includes modern Iraq, Syria, and Israel.

___________37. This ancient Greek philosopher (ca. 535-475 b.c.) believed that reality could

described by numbers, including musical harmonies. He founded a religious group.

___________38. This male-oriented (no women initiates allowed!) pagan religion appealed

especially to Roman soldiers. It was Christianity's greatest rival in the 200's A.D.

39. This was the title for the kings of ancient Egypt from the New Kingdom

period on. It meant "great house" originally. They were worshiped as god-kings.

___________40. This Greek poet (lived in the ninth century b.c.) wrote the Illiad and the

Odyssey. These poems described the Greek war against Troy and its aftermath.

___________41. In this dialog, Q#31's philosopher defended himself as the "Gadfly" of his

city. His wisdom consisted of admitting what he didn't know. He lost his case.

___________42. This dualistic religion of Persia originally had no priesthood or temples

Emphasizing ethical behavior, it asked mankind to choose the right way in the conflict between the (good) Creator, Ahura Mahzda and the Evil One, Ahirman.

___________43. This man was elected and reelected general-in-chief of the leading Greek city-

state for some 30 years. He ruled during its golden age, and was an imperialist.

___________44. This term refers to the dispersion of Jews from their homeland in Judea

(or Palestine/Canaan). These Jews usually spoke Greek, and adopted some parts

of Hellenistic culture. The Greek translation of the Old Testament was for them.

___________45. Christians consider this book to be Scripture, but not Jews. It is composed

of the four canonical Gospels, Acts (early church history), the epistles (letters),

and the book of Revelation (an apocalypse). Jews mostly wrote it.

___________46. This was the greatest of the dialogs by the Greek philosopher in Q#34. It

includes the "Allegory of the Cave" and discusses the ideal government.

___________47. This Greek philosopher (ca. 535-475 b.c.) was a skeptic who said you can't

step in the same river twice. He believed fire was the essence of all being.

___________48. Give the beginning and ending dates for the Peloponnesian War. This war was

won by Sparta and its allies against the empire ran by the chief Greek city-state.

___________49. Q#54's Greek philosopher devised this means of analyzing an argument's form (or

structure) with 2 premises and a conclusion. "If A is B, and B is C, then A is C."

___________50. This building has a stone that is the focus of the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca.

The faithful will walk around it seven times. It may be a meteorite that was seen

to hit the earth.

___________51. This term refers to the basic creed of Judaism, which begins "Hear, O Israel:

The Lord is our God, the Lord is One! You shall love the Lord your God with all

your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:4-5).

___________52. This term refers specifically to the first five books of Moses (Genesis,

Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy). This term comes from the Greek, and

means the "five books." These five books are the real core of Judaism ultimately.

___________53. This warlike kingdom (1076-612 b.c.) in what is now Iraq had Nineveh on the

Tigris river as its capital. Sometimes it skinned people alive who revolted.

___________54. This Greek philosopher (384-322 b.c.) discovered the laws of logic and helped

helped lay the foundations of modern science. He emphasized the "golden mean."

___________55. This Greek playwright (525-456 b.c.) wrote the only trilogy of tragedies to

survive, the Oresteia, including Agammemnon, Libation Bearers, and Eumenides.

___________56. These were the temples made mostly of sun-dried bricks in what is now Iraq.	.

The "Tower of Babel" described in Genesis could have been one of these buildings.

___________57. This reformer of Athenian government published a harsh law code. His name

has become an adjective. He helped average people by telling what the law was.

___________58. This ancient epic poem was the first story in world literature to have a hero/protagonist with a name. It also described the Flood (Deluge).

___________59. These were a Greek philosopher's solution to the problem of universals. These

archetypes in a spiritual dimension were various words/concepts that only the mind

knew by thinking and reasoning, not by the sense of seeing, feeling, or touching.

___________60. This is the Jewish word for what Christians call the Old Testament. It's an a-

cronym derived from its three traditional divisions: the law, prophets, and

writings.

___________61. These foreign conquerors ("rulers of foreign lands") of Egypt were Syro-

Palestinians. Their rule marked the second intermediate period (1780-1555 b.c.).

62. This carved monument in Egypt has the body of a lion, but the face of king

___________Khafre (lived about 2869 b.c.) Being carved from a hill, it isn't a statue really.

___________63. This Greek playwright (496-406 b.c.) wrote tragedies, such as Oedipus Rex. In

it, the king discovers that he killed his father and married his mother.

___________64. This term refers to the belief that knowledge is gained mostly or entirely by

the senses, like seeing and hearing. It often leads to skepticism (uncertainty).

___________65. This term is used to describe a Greek philosopher's concept that all beings

have a purpose or end they seek to fulfill based on their essence (what they are).

___________66. This is the world's longest river, and is the basis of Egypt's agricultural wealth. Emptying into the Mediterranean Sea, this river fertilized the soil also.

___________67. These were the "sacred carvings" (writing) of Egypt. It was hard to write

quickly. It was both alphabetical (symbols represented sounds) and pictographic.

___________68. This is the philosophical belief that knowledge is gained mainly or exclusively

by thinking, reasoning, and logic. Q#34's philosopher believed in this.

___________69. This was the wedged-shaped writing formed by using a stylus to impress clay

tablets. The Babylonians and others used it in the Middle East where Iraq is now.

___________70. This man was only a minor ancient Egyptian king. He ruled only for nine

years. But because his tomb was discovered with most of its original treasures,

he's undoubtedly the most famous Egyptian king to the general public. (full name).

___________71. This Egyptian king (reigned 1379-1362 b.c.) attacked Egypt's old and started a

new religion that's been called (wrongly) monotheistic. He began a new art style.

72. This young king of Macedon (356-323 b.c.) led the Greek conquest of the Persian

___________Empire. He was a military genius, and helped spread Greek culture in the Mideast.

73. This ancient Greek goddess of wisdom, arts, and crafts was very powerful.

___________She was born from the forehead of Q#28's god. She sided with Odysseus.

74. Known for their skeptical tendencies, these ancient Greek teachers taught students such arts as rhetoric for a fee. The philosopher in Q#34 portrayed his

__________"teacher" as frequently arguing with them, such as Protagoras, in his dialogs.

Section 3:

75. Essay question. Choose ONE of the following three questions to answer. A proper answer will have full essay form, including an introduction, a thesis statement, two or more body paragraphs that explain/defend the thesis, and a conclusion in the last paragraph that restates the thesis. Put the number of the question you're answering at the beginning of what you write. (50 possible points)

1. What makes Judaism different from the other ancient religions of the world? How was Christianity different from Judaism, and how was it like Judaism? List and explain specific doctrines, teachings, or beliefs to support and explain your points.

OR

2. How did the Celtic-Germanic, Christian, and Greek-Roman (Classical) cultures combine together by the High Middle Ages to create a synthesis of the three combined together? Give specific examples of how two or more of these cultures/belief systems combined together in specific pieces of literature, philosophical/theological works, or individual thinkers, writers, and rulers.

OR

3. What are the basic teachings of Islam, including its Five Pillars? What is the relationship of Islam and its leading prophet to prior revelations from God? How is Islam like Judaism and Christianity, and how is it different? Cover specific individuals, teachings, and doctrines to make your points clear.